Dialogue July-September 2008, Volume 10 No. 1
Kosi Floods:
Establishment Refuses To Learn Any Lesson
Dinesh Kumar
Mishra*
Dr. Jagannath Mishra, former Chief Minister of Bihar, has given a pathetic
description of floods in
Bihar
. He said that “Nobody from the government has gone to Saharsa so far. If the
people in Saharsa are surviving, they must be saying that we are engulfed in
water since ten days and nobody is there to think about us. This is quite
worrisome. I will suggest that we must try to look after those surviving there.
We must try to save them, whether by boats or a helicopter….. The flood in
Saharsa is not a flood, this is unprecedented….we cannot call it a flood, it
is a deluge.” But wait, he is not talking about the recent floods (2008) in
Bihar
. He was making a speech in the Bihar Vidhan Sabha on the 13th September
1984 about a similar incident that took place on the 5th September 1984 near
Navhatta in Saharsa district of north Bihar when the Kosi had breached its
embankment at 75th kilometer south of the
much talked about Bhimnagar Barrage and come out of the jacket just as it
happened at Kusaha this year. Obviously,
the powers that be refuse to take any lessons from the past mistakes and their
executive wing, the Water Resources Department, is immune to any criticism and
learning. The 1984 incident had uprooted nearly half a million people from their
homes and hearths and engulfed 96 villages spread over 7 blocks of Saharsa and
Supaul districts then. They could return to their homes only after the Holi
festival in March 1985.
The Kosi embankment (locally called as the eastern afflux bundh was
breached near the Kusaha village in
Nepal
turning four Panchayats of Nepal into a watery grave. These Panchayats are
Western Kusaha
, Sripur, Haripur and Laukahi with a population of nearly 35,000. Counting
continues
about the number of villages trapped in floodwaters in
Bihar
. Supaul, Saharsa, Araria, Purnea, Katihar, and Khagaria had to bear the brunt
of the unexpected floods. According to official sources nearly 35 lakh people
have been hit by the floods in these districts. Nearly 3 lakh people have been
evacuated from the engulfed areas. Relief operations are reported to be picking
up for the survivors and so are the rescue operations. Unless marooned people
are accessed, relief operations carry little meaning. The relief that is
reaching the people is not adequate as they were braving the floods for about a
fortnight without any external assistance.
The blame game and mud slinging that is so common to such accidents are
also going on in full swing. Many leaders of opposition have blamed the Govt. of
Bihar for the breach while the GoB and its ministers are calling the breach a
natural calamity and that the river is now trying to go to the east. It must be
mentioned here that the Kosi embankments have breached thrice on its western
side and each time it was suggested that the river is trying to the west. The
Kosi embankments were built in late 1950s and according to the agreement with
Nepal
, the responsibility of maintaining these embankments was vested in GoB. Let us
glance through the earlier breaches in the Kosi embankment.
The inaugural breach had to be faced on the western embankment in
Nepal
in 1963 near the village Dalwa. Binodanand Jha of the Congress Party was the
chief minister and the responsibility of the breach was passed on to rats and
foxes that dig holes in the body of the embankments through which water seeps
and the embankment fails. The other reason for the failure was given that
because of the bad road conditions, the boulders could not be reached to the
site. In this connection, a meeting of the Irrigation Minister of Bihar, Dip
Narayan Singh, the Panchayat Minister of
Nepal
, Kharag Bahadur Singh and the Irrigation Minister of
Nepal
, Dr. Nageshwar Prasad Singh was held at the Kosi Project headquarters at Birpur
on August 22, 1963. The Nepalese side offered to extend all cooperation in
undertaking any long term programme to tame the Kosi. They also indicated that
should a need arise for rehabilitation of the people in a similar situation,
then its responsibility should be taken by the Government of India. Then came
the breach of 1968 at five places in Jamalpur (Darbhanga). This was caused due
to the highest flow of 913,000 cusecs ever recorded in the river but an enquiry
held by the Chief Engineer – Floods of CWC, P N Kumra revealed that the
failure was once again caused by the rats and foxes. The state was under the
President’s Rule then.
The residents of eight villages in the Basantpur block of Supaul district
had refused to be relocated outside the Kosi embankment and demanded instead a
ring bundh for them and the eastern Kosi embankment formed a part of this ring.
The Bhatania Approach Bundh that was constructed in 1968-69, collapsed between
10th to
19th kilometer
below Bhimnagar in 1971 and many villages were washed away but eastern
embankment had not breached. The Approach Bundh was constructed at a cost of Rs.
3.17 lakhs but the repair cost of the same was to the tune of Rs. 2.87cr.The
state was under the Chief Minister ship of Bhola Paswan Shastri of Sanyukt
Vidhayak Dal. Since the damage was done only to eight villages, the incident did
not get wide publicity.
The next incident occurred in 1980 near Bahuarawa on the eastern
embankment in Salkhua block of Saharsa district near 121st kilometer below
Bhimnagar. The river eroded the embankment in about 2 kilometers reach but just
after eroding, it receded very fast and did not spill on to the countryside. The
state was ruled by Dr Jagannath Mishra of Congress Party then. In 1984, a
tragedy as bad as Jamalpur struck the eastern embankment near Hempur village in
the Navhatta block of Saharsa district, 75 kilometer below the Bhimnagar
barrage. It had uprooted half a million people and had engulfed 96 villages in 7
blocks of Saharsa and Supaul districts. People could go back to their villages
only after the Holi festival of 1985 when the breach got plugged. The breach was
repaired at a cost of Rs. 8.2cr. Bindeshwari Dubey of Congress Party was the
Chief Minister.
In 1991, there was a breach in the western embankment near Joginia in
Nepal
that led to a political crisis in
Bihar
and the Water Resources Minister of the state had to resign his post. This
resignation was never accepted by Lalu Prasad Yadav who was the Chief Minister
of the state then. This was a repeat performance of Bahuarawa breach where the
river had receded after eroding the embankment. The repair of the embankment
costed Rs 5.17cr and a compensation of Rs. 19.80 lakh had to be paid to
Nepal
for temporary acquisition of the land and trees etc.
And the Kusaha breach took place in the regime of Nitish Kumar and it
will take about a year to get the complete story. Thus, virtually no party
including the President’s Rule can claim that it was not involved in such an
accident. Yet, the blame game and mud slinging continues unabated. There is no
history of these breaches being plugged before March next year. The practicality
of embanking of a heavily silt carrying river is that the embankments would
breach at regular intervals as we have seen so far that the river has breached
its embankment 8 times in a span of just 50 years. The government will keep on
raising and strengthening these embankments and they would retaliate in a more
ferocious way. This will happen irrespective of which party is ruling the state
and also in full presence of administration, officials of the water resources
department and the police.
An interesting argument is given by the engineers and politicians after
blaming
Nepal
and Nepali people of non-cooperation that the river has changed its course and
it now wants to move to east. If that is true, why on earth the embankments were
constructed along the river? Were they not meant to prevent the river from
moving either east or west? How did the Water Resources Department know that the
river wanted to change its course? Why did it help the river accomplishing its
objectives? All this can happen in our country because there is no
accountability at any level. Remember the World Commissioned of Dams Report
(2000) which was rubbished by Government of India and it laid too much of
emphasis on accountability as one of its primary tools.
All this bickering notwithstanding, the people of
Bihar
need help from outside. Be it Governmental or otherwise. For those who have
lost everything that they possessed, the life will have to start from scratch.
We used to suggest earlier that people should get compensation instead of relief
but will say this year that they should not only get compensation but relief
also. This could be any kind to rehabilitate them back in their life. The worst
is yet to come when the water would recede and the people will get to know how
much of their land is sand cast, how much has gone under waterlogging. That is
the time they will come to know that the Kharif is already lost and the chances
of Rabi also may not be there as moisture of the land will not allow for
ploughing operations and without ploughing no agriculture will be possible. The
order is going to be tall. Kosi floods this year have been disastrous and no
explanation whatsoever would satisfy the hapless victim of the tragedy that will
be remembered for a long time to come.
One is reminded of a statement of Karpoori Thakur, a former Chief
Minister of
Bihar
, in Bihar Vidhan Sabha during the zero hour, “I am pained to say that after
reminding the officers time and again, this small repair work of the embankment
was not done. The result is that the embankment has breached between 75 to 78 km
and almost all of Saharsa district is under a sheet of water. The situation is
horrifying there and the district administration or the engineers of the
Irrigation Department have not done what they should have done in the situation.
Rome
was burning and Nero was playing his flute and this is what this Government is
doing.” This again was a statement on the 10th September
1984. Has anything changed ever since?